意识形态

镰刀锤子是共产主义者的标志。共产主义是《维多利亚2》中的主流意识形态之一。

意识形态和政党是《维多利亚2》传达各种政治观点的主要工具——维多利亚时代和进步时代政治思想和行动模式的转变。执政党和民众的意识形态对玩家行动的广度有着很大的影响，决定了这个国家可以进行什么样的政治改革和社会改革，以及目前支持哪些政见。

意识形态类型

《维多利亚2》中有七种政治意识形态，每一种都是通过所有可玩国家的数百个独立政党表达出来的。这些意识形态代表了更广泛的政治运动的核心，因此，玩家可以看到在具有相似甚至相同名义意识形态的政党之间存在不小程度的差异。事实上，每个国家独特的具体情况会影响各方的立场。尽管如此，对这些政党背后的意识形态源头有一个粗略的了解，对于玩家来说是很有用的。

Conservative

A typical conservative party.

Conservatives value order as a social end. Conservatives are the old guard, the arbiters of the status quo, the defenders of tradition and enemies of change. Conservative parties in the Victorian era were markedly different from today's conception of conservative (at least the Anglo-American conception). Conservatives upheld tradition above all else, being reluctant to enact any reform that would threaten the old ways. This means different things for different societies. In an absolute monarchy, the conservatives are likely more "conservative", defending the crown and its values, likely leaning towards moralism, jingoism, residency, state capitalism, and protectionism. In a more liberal nation like Britain or America, conservatives may simply be defending the way things have always been, or perhaps defending the historic role of the state against new liberal ideas of freedom. Expect these parties to sometimes uphold more liberal principles such as free trade, limited citizenship, pluralism, and even laissez faire.

This is ideology most prevalent in the world at the start of the game. Most of the poor strata are conservative-oriented at first, though this usually changes with time. Aristocrats and officers are reliably conservative or reactionary, the more radical cousin of conservatives, detailed below. Other pops may be conservative depending upon their situations, but generally a pop is more conservative when its consciousness is kept low. Conservative is useful because its moderate statism allows a player to exercise some level of control over his country without most of the worst penalties.

The conservative ideology exists from the beginning of the game.

Typical Party Issues

• Protectionism: Conservatives are prone to protectionism, though this is not a hard and fast rule and there are many free-trade conservative parties.
• Interventionism: Interventionism is most common amongst conservative parties, though laissez-faire or state capitalism are not out of the question.
• Moralism: Conservatives are consistently moralistic, though pluralism is also possible.
• Residency: Residency is the primary conservative opinion, with limited citizenship cropping up occasionally.
• Pro Military: Pro military is by far the most common stance among conservative parties, though jingoism is also seen. Anti-military is possible but rare.

Political Reform Stance

Conservatives are generally against any political reforms, but can be persuaded to enact reforms as a stop-gap measure when militancy is high. If militancy is low, very few conservatives will support reform.

Each point of militancy, or each 10% of reform movement strength, makes 10% of the conservatives in the upper house willing to back reforms.

Social Reform Stance

Conservatives are swayed to social reform only with great reluctance. As with political reform, militancy and reform movement strength makes conservatives support reforms.

Reactionary

A typical reactionary party.

The more extreme cousin to the conservative party, the reactionaries do not stop at the defense of currently upheld tradition, but demand a return to the old ways. In Europe, reactionaries are most often monarchists that uphold the all-powerful state of the absolute monarchy as ideal. In the Americas their positions vary from nativists to monarchists and more. Often non-Western reactionaries are a reaction against Western influences or power within or around the nation in question, for example the Boxers in China.

Reactionaries are likely to be found among aristocrats and officers, but also among the broader population. In a way, reactionary is one of the best parties to play. They are available from the start. If the party is state capitalist, it allows the player a great deal of power over his economic destiny, while jingoism allows players to expand aggressively and protectionism allows high tariffs to fund these projects.

The reactionary ideology exists from the beginning of the game.

Typical Party Issues

• Protectionism: Reactionaries are almost universally protectionists.
• State Capitalism: State capitalism is the most common among reactionary parties, though interventionism is also common. Planned is occasionally seen.
• Moralism: Reactionaries almost never stand for anything less than moralism, as national religious values are often central to their ideals.
• Residency: Residency is the primary reactionary stance, limiting voice in government only to primary culture.
• Jingoism: Jingoism is pretty standard for reactionaries, demanding a minimum level of defense spending. Pro-Military is also conceivable.

Political Reform Stance

Unlike their compromising brethren in the conservative wing, reactionaries will never, under any circumstance, support political reform. To the contrary, reactionaries will always support the repeal of political reforms, pushing the country back towards a more state-centered, anti-liberal position.

Social Reform Stance

As with political reforms, social reforms are anathema to reactionaries, and their support is never given to such movements. If given the chance, reactionaries will always support the reduction of social reforms.

Liberal

A typical liberal party.

Liberals favor liberty as the most valued social end. The liberal movement of the 19th century was an extremely important one. The liberals of America and Europe opened up these nations to trade, capitalism, and responsible government. Liberals were a diverse bunch, supporting a wide array of ideas and often conflicting with one another. Universal among them was some vague notion of expanding liberty, in a specific area or broadly. Liberals were often the forward-thinkers, the people who opposed the old state-dominated order and sought to unleash human potential by throwing off the chains the bound people down. Liberals were the cornerstones of the abolitionist movement, the Corn Law repeals in England, the end of the Second National Bank in America, and many more projects aimed at reducing government power over peoples' interactions with one another.

Liberals are often found among capitalists and clerks, and sometime clergy or artisans. Other pops can of course also be liberal, but this is circumstantial. Liberal parties can be difficult to play in Victoria 2, as they often severely limit player options in a variety of fields. This is counterbalanced by reductions in factory costs and a few other perks, but the advantages often seem to be outweighed by the disadvantages. Most players will probably avoid liberal parties because they basically remove economic management as a game component. This can be useful to new players though, or to experienced players who enjoy the idea of a liberal nation and want a bit of challenge.

The liberal ideology exists from the beginning of the game.

Typical Party Issues

• Free Trade: Free trade was one of the first major liberal issues, and most liberal parties are free traders. Some liberal parties still favor protectionism, notably the Republicans in America.
• Laissez Faire: Liberals uphold freedom above all else, so central economic management is usually shunned. Some liberal parties may mildly advocate interventionism, but nothing further.
• Pluralism: Liberal parties are often in favor of religious pluralism, but are almost as often in favor of secularism. Moralism and atheism are not unheard of, but less common, as liberals generally advocate little to no government role in religion.
• Full Citizenship: Liberals tend to advocate full rights for immigrants and minorities on the basis of natural rights, but some liberal parties diverge from this standard and support only limited citizenship or even residency.
• Pro Military: The liberal parties vary wildly on the issue of military power. Some liberal parties go so far as to advocate jingoism, while others are pacifistic. Expect moderate pro-military or anti-military stances.

Political Reform Stance

Liberals unfailingly support political reform, and under no circumstance will they support a roll-back of political reforms. Representative and transparent government was one of the linchpins of 19th century liberalism.

Social Reform Stance

Liberals will only reluctantly support social reforms, usually in cases where militancy has soared. In the game, once reforms are in place, they do not support their repeal (though this is of debatable historical accuracy).

无政府自由主义

一个典型的无政府自由主义政党

无政府自由主义者是自由主义者更激进的表亲，他们把人类自由的思想推向了逻辑的极端。虽然自由主义者倾向于改革者，通常是知识分子或权力人物，他们试图纠正不自由秩序的不合理之处，但无政府自由主义者则完全是另一回事。无政府自由主义者主张国家作为一个实体的终结和所有人的自由平等的存在，可以预期将会毫不动摇地支持最自由的立场。

无政府自由主义者在游戏的早期，1848年，就已经出现了，这一年是欧洲发生严重政治动荡的一年。无政府自由主义者面临着许多与自由主义者相同的问题和优势，但由于他们对自由主义立场的一贯支持，这些问题也始终存在。

典型政见

• 自由贸易：无政府自由主义者几乎普遍支持自由贸易，这严重限制了玩家对进口商品征税的能力。
• 自由放任：无政府自由主义者最显著的特征是他们支持自由主义，所以不要期望在无政府自由党中看到除此之外的立场。尽管如此，一些无政府主义自由党却打破了常规，支持干涉主义，甚至（非常罕见）支持国家资本主义。
• 世俗化：无政府自由主义者会支持各种宗教立场，但通常赞成世俗主义。多元主义和无神论也很普遍，而道德主义则几乎闻所未闻。
• 完整公民权：无政府自由主义者在支持完整公民权方面非常一致，但有的政党也可能支持有限公民权。
• 扩军主义：无政府自由主义者在军事问题上分歧最大。一些无政府自由主义政党甚至支持沙文主义，而另一些则支持和平主义。像他们的自由党同胞一样，没有硬性规定，但扩军主义似乎是最常见的。

政治改革立场

无政府自由主义者永远不会支持颁布或废除政治改革。这似乎是合乎逻辑的，因为无政府自由主义者不想通过支持改革的倒退而使国家恶化，但也不想通过使国家如他们所想的一样“自由”来使国家本身合理化。因此，不作为是他们选择的道路。

社会改革立场

无政府自由主义者永远不会支持社会改革，相反会永远支持废除社会改革。虽然政治改革的问题对许多无政府自由主义者来说是个麻烦，但不论当时还是现在，社会福利国家普遍受到无政府自由主义者的憎恨。因此，无政府自由主义者在社会改革问题上会很奇怪地与反动主义者保持一致。这一立场是所有意识形态中最不历史的，因为在整个历史上，特别是在19世纪，绝大多数流行的无政府主义形式也是社会主义或其他形式的左派。

Socialist

A typical socialist party.

Socialists believe equality is the paramount value a society must pursue. Socialists seek to use the machinery of the state to take from those that have and give to those that have not. Socialists are available mid-game, around 1860, but often a party will not be available for some time after this date.

Expect socialism to be most prevalent among poor-strata pops, particularly craftsmen and laborers. Socialism is a very powerful force late in the game, and will spread among all populations. Socialism can be a mixed bag for the player. Though it allows a broad degree of economic control, socialist parties often restrict player power over tariff and military policy. The most useful aspect of socialist parties to the player is likely their broad popularity late game, and their ability to implement useful social reforms.

Typical Party Issues

• Free Trade: Socialists broadly support free trade, though they may support protectionism instead.
• Planned Economy: Socialists espouse state-run economic systems and central planning. Anything less than support for planned economy is rare, but state capitalism is possible.
• Secularism: Socialists believe religion to be a private matter, and that the state has no place in religious life. Thus they are overwhelmingly in favor of secularized religious policy, though atheism is upheld by some parties.
• Full Citizenship: Socialists support full citizenship on the basis of humanism, that all people are equal. This policy is widespread among socialist parties and unlikely to be compromised.
• Anti Military: Socialists are usually anti-military, opposing war as a tool of the bourgeois elite to force the universal working class to oppress itself. Pacifism is also possible, and even pro military, but jingoism is out of the question for most parties.

Political Reform Stance

Socialists will support political reform only when militancy or reform movement power is high, but they never support political reform repeal. This lack of support is perhaps odd due to historically widespread endorsement of political reforms such as universal suffrage by such socialists as Karl Marx (among other reasons these political reforms enfranchised the socialists' voters). However it is likely that the game designers simply wished to make the ideologies more unique rather than completely factually accurate.

Social Reform Stance

Socialists always support increased social reforms, and will never support their repeal. This is one of the central tenets of the socialist parties, and one of the more useful qualities of the ideology to the player.

共产主义

一个典型的共产主义政党

共产主义者是社会主义者中的激进派。共产主义者并不寻求对现有结构进行和平改革，因为他们认为在资本主义制度下建立的制度，例如代议制民主政体，本身就存在缺陷。共产主义者寻求革命（在必要时，从反革命暴力手中捍卫革命）以及对当前有缺陷的社会秩序的剧变。国家作为一个阶级压迫另一个阶级的有力工具，要被无产阶级转为彻底消灭腐朽的资本主义霸主阶级。

共产主义者和社会主义者存在于相似的人群中，这些人群属于工业化社会的下层阶级。中间阶级也可能有共产主义的同情者，但这样的人在富裕阶级中很罕见。共产主义者在游戏中期就可以出现，但通常是一个小的边缘群体，在游戏后期才有政党出现。共产主义比社会主义对玩家更友好，坚持更为一致的理想，并在任何意识形态中提供最广泛的控制范围。另外，如果他们成功地将国家变为共产主义，这个国家的国旗将会被更换，新国旗通常包含锤子和镰刀。

典型政见

• 保护主义：和那些过去曾经是自由派的社会主义者不同，共产主义者认为经济发展不平衡是罪恶的根源，几乎所有人都反对它，赞成自给自足。
• 计划经济：共产主义者是计划经济的强硬支持者。中央计划实现了他们意识形态的最高原则，所以别指望其它。
• 无神论：共产主义者一般相信马克思的理论，即宗教是对群众的压迫（“精神鸦片”），因此它是人民自我实现的障碍。世俗化是可能的，但很少见。
• 完整公民权：共产主义者承认阶级斗争的存在，认为各民族、各人种的工人同样受到腐朽资本家的压迫。因此，完整公民权是一种常态。
• 扩军主义：共产主义者通常支持扩军主义。这并不难理解，因为他们经常是资本主义世界政变和侵略的对象。沙文主义也是共产主义者的一个典型，因为用武力传播世界革命是共产党人的共同目标。然而，共产党人有时也可能支持裁军主义，甚至是和平主义。

政治改革立场

与他们的社会主义/社会民主主义兄弟不同，共产主义者反对自由主义者的民主政府理念。他们认为，一个最有阶级意识的人组成的强大的先锋队，可以像管弦乐队指挥的温和领导一样，高效地管理社会；如果缺乏理想的纪律和阶级意识，权利就应当受到限制。因此，他们在必要时支持废除政治改革，决不支持淡化无产阶级的统一意志。

社会改革立场

共产党人把国家看作是一个能使所有人都平等，并提供共同利益的工具。因此，他们总是赞成扩大国家福利，在这个问题上决不让步。

Fascist

Fascists are a strange breed. Born out of the discontent and civilizational collapse of the aftermath of World War I, the fascists quickly gained a wide following. Fascists attracted followers from wide swaths of society though most of this support was found amongst the middle-class (particularly lower middle-class) and rurals. Fascists supported the revitalization of the nation via a state-constructed national community. Fascist regimes were often very organized and brutal. Their rise in Europe was a central feature of the interwar people and an important factor in the initiation of World War II.

Fascists can find wide support among almost any population. They are available only in the last leg of the game, their parties are often only available for the last decade or so of play. Fascism is one of the most versatile ideologies. It allows the broadest swath of action to the player of any ideology, particularly if a fascist party is in power. Fascism allows a player almost total economic control, but still allows capitalists to chip in. Their military and trade stances allow the player a great degree of control over policy, and they can implement a variety of reforms when in power. They also have some awesome flags.

Fascists are fanatical and uncompromising in their beliefs, and thus, unlike the other ideologies, there is never any deviation in policy between parties. A Fascist will always support the party issues below.

Typical Party Issues

• Protectionism: The fascists are most concerned about the health of the nation, or volk, and thus restrict access to outside markets and the goods of "lesser" peoples.
• State Capitalism: Although Fascists tend to be anti capitalist, business owners are willing to chip into the nation so it can be safe and prosper.
• Moralism: Fascists believe in one religion only and no others are tolerated even separate branches of Christianity and Islam for fear of harming national unity.
• Residency: Fascists if anything will see foreigners living in their homeland as political blasphemy let alone giving them the right to vote and other benefits.
• Jingoism: Fascists always pursue a policy of expansionism. This is often to recover territory lost in the past or to seize land off weaker nations.

Political Reform Stance

Fascists are unique, in that they are the only party that can support both the implementation and the repeal of political reforms. This support by fascists in the upper house is dependent upon whether or not a fascist party is in power. If it is, they can implement or repeal political reforms, but if they are the opposition party, they will staunchly resist all changes.

Social Reform Stance

As with their stance on political reform, fascists can either implement or repeal social reform if they are the ruling party. This may seem odd, but is understandable in historical context. Fascists vitriolically opposed communism, and would likely roll back reforms if they seized control in a communist state. However, fascists also espoused a communal approach to the nation, stressing the brotherhood of each member of their ethnicity or race. This led to wide-spread national welfare-style programs. Thus, either option is available to fascists in power.

Miscellaneous

Data on ideologies can be accessed by locating the Paradox folder in the drive to which it is saved, the navigating to Victoria 2/common/ideologies.txt.

See also

• 社会改革
• 政治改革
• 政府类型