贷款

贷款是世界各国解决赤字的方式。开化国家可以直接从国家银行贷款，而未开化国家需要实施财政改革之后才能贷款。在预算界面，只要有可用的债权人就可以随时贷款，而出现赤字并且没有现金储备的国家也会自动贷款以满足资金花费（如果无法贷款，资金花费就会自动下降）。所有的贷款都需要支付利息，当一个国家的收入不足以支付贷款利息时，它就会破产。

大bug

不同贷款的金额和规模可以在饼图及列表中看到

目前的利息机制有一个巨大的bug：利息不会支付给提供贷款的人群，而是凭空消失掉。如果所有国家的总利息大于金矿的总产出，世界将耗尽资金，经济系统将被摧毁（当然这通常不可能发生）。如果你确实需要避免这个bug，你可以将defines.lua中的MAX_LOAN_CAP_FROM_BANKS和SHADOWY_FINANCIERS_MAX_LOAN_AMOUNT修改为0来禁止贷款，或者将LOAN_BASE_INTERES修改为0，并且从event_modifiers.txt中移除所有的loan_interest修正来避免产生利息。

利息凭空消失是游戏中两种将货币从经济系统中移除的方式之一（另一种是决议和事件扣除的资金）。

国家银行

人群需要将收入用于消费以满足需求。如果人群的所有需求都得到满足后还有剩余的钱，他们会把钱存入国家银行；在这之后，当人群无法支付其所需资金时，他们可以从国家银行取款。但与此同时，这些钱可能会借给其他国家，借给外国的钱不能主动取回。人群不能贷款。当一个负债累累的国家破产时，所有未取回的人群存款额都会被清空。

当一个政府需要贷款时，它总是先从自己的国家银行贷款，然后再向其他国家借款。在偿还债务时，本国的国家银行总是最后一个得到偿还的。此外，一些国家有时可能会从“私人投资者”那里借款；这些资金是由游戏创造的，目的是在没有足够的富裕国家提供贷款的情况下，保持全球经济稳定。

破产

当一个国家需要支付的利息高于其收入时，就会发生破产（这意味着这个国家已经没有偿还债务的能力）。如果事件或决议导致负债国获得负现金储备，也会导致立即宣布破产，而不是追加贷款。破产的国家在预算界面上以红色显示。

破产的国家会失去威望，并且所有动用国家银行向该国借款的国家都会获得一个“偿还债务”的宣战理由。如果他们执行了这项宣战理由，对胜利国的利息支付将恢复正常。如果该国不能支付这些利息，债权国将得到“制裁”的宣战理由。此外，一旦宣布破产，所有支出滑条都会自动设置为最小值，所有税收和关税滑条则自动设置为最大值。破产的国家也会受到+0.5loan_interest的惩罚，使得继续贷款需要支付更多利息。

在3.02及之前的版本中国存在一个bug，加载游戏存档时经常会导致破产。这是因为手工业者人群生产的商品不会保存在游戏存档中，所以当存档读取时，他们必须花费几天时间来确定该生产什么。依赖这些手工业者的所得税和关税的国家可能会在这几天里因为缺乏收入而破产，即使他们本来不会破产的。

Benefits and risks

Providing loans

The benefit of the national bank lending money to foreign countries lies in the casus belli. When a country goes bankrupt it does not pay its loan back and does not make further interest payments; if the previously paid interest doesn't equal the value of the loan, the creditor's POPs have lost money. For this reason, a creditor government can use the "Repay Debts" casus belli granted upon bankruptcy to protect its POPs' incomes. The "Cut Down to Size" casus belli directly seizes half of the bankrupt country's tax income, instead. (Though the Cut Down to Size funds are paid to the government, not POPs.)

In general, providing loans is beneficial so long as a country has the military force and the will to enforce Repay Debts casus belli against heavily indebted countries. Some amount of losses must be accepted, however: satellite states can borrow money and go bankrupt, but cannot be declared war upon. POPs deposit and loan out their money automatically, but raising income taxes or tariffs can ensure that POPs' money goes to the government treasury rather than to the national bank, if providing loans is not wanted.

Some people see a wealthy national bank as a problem, because the money is inactive while at the bank. It can go back to being active by either increasing taxes, forcing POPs to withdraw money from their bank account, or letting them lend it to governments, then a government can use the money, thus making it active again. In case of a bankruptcy the POPs effectively lose the money that was in their bank account.

Taking out loans

Much like in the real world, loans provide money in the short term while costing money in the long term, due to interest. Nevertheless, it may be useful to take out loans. For example, a country that has researched a naval technology may be interested in upgrading all its naval bases to the next level, an expensive affair. It could save up money and upgrade them as the money becomes available for each, but this may put it behind other countries in the colonization race. In this situation, it can be beneficial to take out a loan and begin upgrading every naval base at once. While the loan is being paid off, the naval bases are already being constructed.

Taking loans to finance habitual deficit spending is usually a bad idea. It can be a stopgap measure, e.g. to finance a war, but in the long run a country must maintain a budget surplus or it will inevitably go bankrupt.

Interest

The interest rate paid for all loans depends on LOAN_BASE_INTEREST (LBI) in the defines.lua file. The amount of money borrowed from the country's national bank (NBD) is important in calculating the interest. The amount of interest in £ per day (IPD) and £ per year (IPY) can be calculated by the following formulas:

• IPD = (NBD + FBD X (1 + FIM)) X (LBI+BIM)/30
• IPY = (73/6) X (NBD + FBD X (1 + FIM)) X (LBI+BIM)
• IPD = Interest Per Day (£)
• IPY = Interest Per Year (£)
• LBI = Loan Base Interest
• BIM = Base Interest Modifier (see list below)
• FIM = Foreign Interest Modifier (see list below)
• NBD = DEBT - FBD = National Bank Debt (£)
• FBD = DEBT - NBD = Foreign Bank Debt (£)
• DEBT = NBD + FBD = Total Debt (£)

When there are multiple BIMs or FIMs, the game adds them up and uses that value (see example 3). For some reason negative BIMs are bugged, BIMs don't work on old loans and a BIM can have a maximum of 3 numbers after a point, else the game will multiply the value by ten until there are 3 numbers after a point (see example 4).

BIM	FIM
Technology	Inventions (only works outside an effect scope)
	Event Modifiers
	Issues & Reforms
	Static Modifiers

The formula may seem complicated, but the LBI is a constant, and both DEBT and NBD are easy to find in the finance tab. BIM is easy to find, just add all values from all techs together. FIM may be harder to find, as it can be used in event_modifiers.txt, inventions, static_modifiers.txt and issues.txt. It is for example used in the central bank event and the great depression event.

In vanilla there are no techs with a FIM and the inventions don't work (effect scope is used).

For an extremely large debt the formula may not be 100% accurate, but about 99.99593%, so there is almost no difference. For an more accurate result the (LBI/30) could be replaced by (LBI/30.00122105).

Example

Here is an example of how the formula can be used.

France has £ 4000 debt. (DEBT)

Of which it borrowed £ 3000 from its national bank (NBD).

LBI = 0.02

All loan_interest modifiers (those from techs excluded) added together (FIM) = 0.05

• IPY = (73/6) X 0.02 X 4000 X (1 + 0.05 - (3000/4000) X 0.05) = £ 985,5 which is a percentage of 24.6375% interest in one year.
• IPD = (0.02/30) X 4000 X (1 + 0.05 - (3000/4000) X 0.05) = £ 2.7 which is a percentage of 0.0675% per day.

Example 2:

• Day 1 France has £ 4000 debt (3000 NBD).
• Day 2 France has £ 5000 debt (3000 NBD).
• Day 3 France has £ 6000 debt (3000 NBD).

On day 2 France pays £ 2.7 (see example above)

On day 3 France pays £ 3.4 (see below)

IPD = (0.02/30) X 5000 X (1 + 0.05 - (3000/5000) X 0.05) = £ 3.4

Example 3:

• Event modifier A gives loan_interest = 0.05
• Event modifier B gives loan_interest = -0.25
• Event modifier C gives loan_interest = 0.1

FIM = 0.05-0.25+0.1 = -0.1

Example 4:

loan_interest (BIM) = 0.00035 5 numbers after the point, so x10 gives BIM = 0.0035 4 numbers after the point, so x10 gives BIM = 0.035 3 numbers after the point, so the game can use it.