政治改革

A British poster from the 19th century demanding the expansion of the vote to include all males, remove property restrictions on candidates, and call annual parliaments. This is a prime example of a Victorian political reform movement.

The Political Reform system in Victoria 2 seeks to emulate the varied and ever-changing political situations of 19th and 20th century states. The Victorian Era is perhaps most known for its widespread political reform, particularly in Europe, but elsewhere as well. The political reform system is cousin to the social reform system, which was of historically greater importance in the latter part of the game, the Progressive Era. Unlike the social reforms available to the player, Victoria 2's political reforms are highly varied, and their impacts are far less clear-cut to a player. Ranging from slavery to voting style to unions, the scope of the player's decision-making power in the political realm is quite impressive.

为什么要改革？

推行政治改革有很多原因。如果你的目标是一个特定类型的政府，你可能想要实施改革，将你目前的政府类型改变成其他类型。也许你想让社会主义下层阶级有更大的发言权，这样你就可以实施社会改革，规划经济。或者你想确保自由派富裕阶层控制政策。或者，你也许想让改革倒退，把最终的权力交给反动贵族。不管情况如何，在《维多利亚2》里，政治改革几乎是不可避免的，尤其是当你想阻止雅各宾和无政府自由主义的反抗。每一次改革都会增加对移民的吸引力，不过除非你身处新大陆，否则这几乎没有什么用处。

政治改革类型

总共有八项政治改革，每一项改革的选择数目各不相同。与社会改革不同，一些政治改革不是“下一步”改革；对于这种改革，玩家可以实施任何可能的选择，而不需要已经实施了以前的改革。政治改革和社会改革的另一个区别是，政治改革没有“成本”；也就是说，你在预算的负面栏里看不到任何东西。然而，每一项改革都存在着非常严重的利益权衡，玩家必须相互权衡。

注：一般来说，改革是从上到下按最保守/反动到最自由的顺序排列。

奴隶制

奴隶制是一种简单的政治改革：你可以允许它，也可以不允许它。许多国家在游戏开始时实行奴隶制，主要是在非洲和亚洲，但也有一些新大陆国家。大多数欧洲国家和新大陆的大多数国家都是从废奴开始的。

允许

大多数国家不会将奴隶制合法化，所以问题是，对于那些以奴隶制开始的国家来说，是否应该保留奴隶制。保持奴隶制有很多好处：奴隶没有工资，所以你可以在你的RGO中不花费任何成本就获得生产力。此外，奴隶的必需品需求总是处于完全满足状态，即使他们没有现金（因为奴隶实际上不需要任何商品作为必需品）。最后，尽管奴隶的生产力较低，但他们不投票。一个暴虐的独裁者最好是由顺从的奴隶来服务，而不是由缴纳更多税款的自由人。

不存在将非奴隶人口变为奴隶的机制，所以使奴隶制合法化几乎没有效果，除非该国后来吞并了一个奴隶制国家。

例：Confederate States of America

禁止

禁止奴隶制会立即解放所有被奴役的人民，允许他们在其他政治改革和政党立场允许的范围内享有充分的权利。禁止奴隶制可能是有争议的，特别是在美国。在开局前30年左右，奴隶制对美国来说是一个重要问题，直到内战解决了这个问题。奴隶的效率不高，所以释放他们会提高生产力，可能还会增加税收。自由人的人口增长速度也比奴隶更快，所以解放奴隶可以充实你的技工队伍。

美国对结束奴隶制有特别的限制，防止以非历史的方式和平解决奴隶制问题。一旦“奴隶之争”修正被触发（通常在游戏开始后的一两年内），奴隶制只能在内战开始后结束，或者在1875年之后——如果美国设法避免战争的话。

例: 海地

上议院组成

The method for determining the composition of your upper house is very important to the progression of the game, because which party controls the upper house determines the availability of reforms. The option selected determines the process by which seats in the upper house are assigned. This can seriously affect the nature of election outcomes, so a discerning player can subtly nudge these outcomes by selecting a reform fitting their vision. There are four different reforms available, and the player does not need to reform incrementally.

仅执政党

As the name implies, this option restricts the seats in the upper house to members with similar ideologies to the ruling party. Combined with a government type that allows party appointment, this allows a player extreme flexibility in determining the ruling party and the scope of available political action.

Example: The Czarist Russian Duma

直接任命

This reform limits upper house participation to the propertied rich (aristocrats and capitalists). This has obvious implications for the composition of the house; namely, the ideologies represented will be only those of the privileged few. That said, in a country with a large number of aristocrats, you can expect a highly conservative/reactionary house if this reform is selected, whilst a country with a relatively large number of capitalists may be quite liberal. Either way, this can be an excellent option if you wish to buck the trend of the broader population.

Example: The 21st-century Canadian Senate

每个地区两个席位

This reform assigns two seats per state. This gives more weight to smaller or less-populated states.

Example: The United States Senate, 1789 to present

基于人口

This reform allows assigns seats based on the population of a district. This is the prime reform for a player who wishes to have an upper house that is representative of his national voting population.

Example: Federal Council of the German Empire

选举权

The voting franchise is another very important political reform. The option selected herein determined to great extent what your upper house will look like, and consequently, what options the player has as leader. There are six options, and reform is required to be incremental.

无选举权

This option bans voting altogether. Such a reform level is typical of absolute monarchies and presidential dictatorships, among others. This option is useful to the player insofar as it allows them total control of the political scene.

Example: Absolutist Austria

地产限制

This option restricts the vote to landed individuals, which in Victoria 2 is roughly approximated to mean the rich strata (though this is not technically accurate, as the landed-only restrictions on voting in early America still allowed considerable numbers of poor and middle class men to vote). This option can thus be expected to deliver upper houses composed only of those ideologies that the rich find appealing, namely conservative/reactionary in countries where aristocrats prevail, and liberal in those where capitalists reign supreme.

Example: Early British Parliament

财产加权

This reform allows both the rich and middle strata to vote, thus extending the franchise to artisans, clerks, clergy, officers, and bureaucrats. However, the rich votes are counted for twice as much as the middle votes. This weighting can be very important, especially since so many countries at first have reasonable numbers of aristocrats but relatively small populations in the middle strata. Again, the results of this reform can be expected to mirror the beliefs of the empowered populations. If the country in question has a large population of capitalists and clerks, expect liberal turnouts. Aristocrats and officers will likely turn out reactionary or conservative.

Example: Modern corporate voting structures

财产限制

This reform is otherwise identical to weighted wealth, but removes the weighting. All rich and middle class pops are allowed to vote on equal terms. This can be useful for achieving liberal votes if you have a large population of aristocrats but an even larger population of artisans or clerks, or the reverse as the situation might present itself.

Example: Early American voting system

普选加权

This reform extend the vote to all strata, but weights the vote in favor of those with money. Rich strata pops are counted as three, middle as two, and poor as one. Usually this reform is useful only insofar as it delivers the player to or away from the universal voting reform, or as a hedge against reform-demanding revolters.

Example: Prussian House of Representatives

普选制

The universal franchise is as it sounds: equal and universal vote is accorded to all pops (except slaves or minorities, if policy dictates). This is for the player who wishes to achieve a full democracy, where the will of the people is represented fully. This reform puts you at the mercy of your population (most notably the poor strata, which almost always composes the vast bulk of your people). It is popular though, and will dissuade revolters.

Example: Nearly universally applied in all modern republics, democracies, and constitutional monarchies

投票制度

The voting system determines how your elections are carried out. There are three reforms, and they are not incremental.

简单多数制

This system gives victory to the candidate with the most votes. Expect bi-polar results focusing on the two most popular parties, favoring the more popular party heavily.

Example: The United States Congress

杰斐逊法

Also known as the d'Hondt method or the Bader-Ofer method, this reform allocates seats proportionately by using a mathematical system which divides seats among those parties who received the most votes. Expect a multiparty system that still favors the most popular parties.

Example: The modern Danish Folketing

比例代表制

This method pools votes and assigns winners seats based on the exact proportion of votes garnered by each party insofar as the number of seats available allows. Expect this reform to very accurately portray voter party preferences. This accuracy can make for some very messy political situations, as even the smallest parties can get a voice.

Example: The Weimar Republic Reichstag

公众集会

The right to meet in public is central to a well-functioning republic or democracy, and is very important to civil society generally. In Victoria 2, this is somewhat crudely reduced. There are two options to choose from.

不允许

This option totally bans public meeting. The practical implication of this is literally nothing. The not allowed option has zero effect, it is desirable to the player only insofar as its counterpoint is undesirable to the player.

Example: The Soviet Union for most of its existence

允许

This option allows public political meetings. This increases political awareness by 25%. The mechanics behind this are fuzzy, but it can be assumed this means voter consciousness has a pronounced effect.

Example: The United States for most of its existence

出版权

Like public meetings, press rights are a very straightforward reform in Victoria 2, involving only one factor and minimal choices. There are three options, and they are incremental.

国家控制

This choice restricts the press only to state-run or state-sanctioned bodies, allowing for almost total government control over information. In practical terms, this reduces the effect of pop consciousness by 25%. This is very handy if you wish to stay conservative, very bad if you want to become liberal, socialist, or develop technologies quickly.

Example: Nazi Germany

出版审查

This option allows for a somewhat free press, but the government reserves the right to censor out material that it finds offensive or antagonistic to its goals. In game, this means literally nothing. This option is simply a middle option, and is likely to be used only when the player cannot switch to the more highly desired reform, or is in the process of switching from one end of the spectrum to the other.

Example: Prussia

出版自由

This options frees the press of government control. Information flows freely, and people are left to decide for themselves. This increases the effects of pop consciousness by 25%, a very useful tool for any player who wishes to change course quickly or gain the upper hand in research.

Example: The modern United States

工会

Trade unions were historically not an issue until the latter half of the 19th century, but this reform is available to the player from the start. There are four options, and they are incremental.

非法

This completely bans unions. This option has no effect, it is used only if one wishes to avoid the effects of the other choices or if one begins with the reform and cannot yet change.

Example: Late fascist Italy

国家控制

This reform allows strictly regulated unions to act on a very short leash. In game terms, it increases pop's demand for social reforms by 10%.

Example: Early Communist Eastern Bloc countries

允许非社会主义

This reform allows all unions so long as they are not socialist. This further increases the demand for social reforms, up to 20%.

Example: United States circa the late 1800's

全部允许

This reform allows unions total freedom to organize, regardless of their political orientation. Practically speaking, this increases the demand for social reforms to a total of 30%.

Example: Modern Europe

政党

The formation and maintenance of political parties is important to almost all political systems to some degree. One-party dictatorships require a strong state-run party to provide them with loyal zealots. Monarchies use political parties within the rich-dominated parliament to build legitimacy. Republics use parties as the linchpin of their whole political system. The player has five choices related to the level of power the ruling party is accorded in relation to opposition parties. These choices are incremental.

禁止公开组党

The ruling party is completely dominant, and actively seeks out and crushes the opposition with force. By limiting the competition, this choice increases support for the ruling party by 16,67%. This is very useful for players who wish to maintain the status quo.

Example: the USSR

骚扰

The ruling party no longer uses violence against the opposition, but they are endlessly heckled and inconvenienced by ruling party goons and government officials. At this level, ruling party support is improved by 13,04%.

Example: Many modern African "democracies"

操纵选区

The ruling party or parties no longer openly attempt to interfere with the business of the opposition, but instead skew electoral districts in favor of their own interests. At this level, the increase in ruling party support is 9,09%.

Example: American state and Congressional politics even into the 21st Century, Singapore's electoral system

记名投票

The political process is mostly open, but citizens' ballots are not confidential. The ruling party can thus employ goons or government officials to harry opposition voters into voting for the ruling party. This improves ruling party support a meager 4,76%.

Example: 19th-century America

无记名投票

The secret ballot allows voters to vote confidently in confidence. So long as their opinions are known only to themselves and those they share them with willingly, the ruling party will have extreme difficulty harassing opposition voters specifically. This reform has no effect, allowing party support to reflect voter preferences.

Example: Modern America, Europe, and most other full-blooded democracies.

实施与废除改革

Of all the ideologies, only liberals are consistently in favor of liberal political reforms. The others require certain circumstances to support liberal reform. Reactionaries consistently support reform repeal, while other ideologies may be led to support these measures if circumstances permit. Generally, though, expect that a reform towards liberalism will not be undone unless via event, imposed by successful rebels, or though extreme luck of circumstance.

If the player wishes to implement the reforms as fast as possible, it is advised to keep militancy high(but not allow it to rise too much) by holding elections and then changing the ruling party(every change bumps it up a bit), and getting militancy from events. Militancy is what gets all those conservatives in the upper house to budge and vote "Yes" instead of "No", it is how you get above the majority limit that always seems to be taunting you from ~5% away. Watch out for too much militancy though, and back off before your dissatisfied subjects take up arms.

修改

The political reforms data can be accessed by locating the Paradox folder in the drive to which it is saved, the navigating to Victoria 2/common/issues.txt.

参见

• Social reforms
• Ideology